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- <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title"><a id="gimp-brushes"></a>4.8. Brushes</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <a id="id3423369" class="indexterm"></a>
- <div class="informalfigure">
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/brush-examples.png" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>
- A number of examples of brushstrokes painted using different
- brushes from the set supplied with GIMP. All were painted
- using the Paintbrush tool.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p>
- A <span class="emphasis"><em>brush</em></span> is a pixmap or set of pixmaps used for
- painting. GIMP includes a set of 10 "paint tools, which not
- only perform operations that you would think of as painting, but
- also operations such as erasing, copying, smudging, lightening or
- darkening, etc. All of the paint tools, except the ink tool, use
- the same set of brushes. The brush pixmaps represent the
- marks that are made by single "touches" of the brush to the image.
- A brush stroke, usually made by moving the pointer across the image with
- the mouse button held down, produces a series of marks spaced along the
- trajectory, in a way specified by the characteristics of the brush
- and the paint tool being used.
- </p>
- <p>
- Brushes can be selected by clicking on an icon in the <a href="ch04s10.html" title="10. Brushes dialog">Brushes dialog</a>. GIMP's
- <span class="emphasis"><em>current brush</em></span> is shown in the
- Brush/Pattern/Gradient area of the Toolbox. Clicking on the brush
- symbol there is one way of activating the Brushes dialog.
- </p>
- <p>
- When you install GIMP, it comes presupplied with a number of basic
- brushes, plus a few bizarre ones that serve mainly to give you
- examples of what is possible (i. e., the "green pepper" brush in
- the illustration). You can also create new brushes, or
- download them and install them so that GIMP will recognize them.
- </p>
- <p>
- GIMP can use several different types of brushes. All of them,
- however, are used in the same way, and for most purposes you don't
- need to be aware of the differences when you paint with them.
- Here are the available types of brushes:
- </p>
- <div class="variablelist">
- <dl>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Ordinary brushes</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- Most of the brushes supplied with GIMP fall into this
- category. They are represented in the Brushes dialog by
- grayscale pixmaps. When you paint using them, the current
- foreground color (as shown in the Color Area of the Toolbox)
- is substituted for black, and the pixmap shown in the brushes
- dialog represents the mark that the brush makes on the image.
- </p>
- <p>
- To create such a brush:
- Create a small image in gray levels using zoom. Save it with the
- .gbr extension. Click on Refresh button in the Brush Dialog to get
- it in preview without it being necessary to restart GIMP.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Color brushes</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- Brushes in this category are represented by colored images in
- the Brushes dialog. They can be a text. When you paint with them,
- the colors are used as shown; the current foreground color does
- not come into play. Otherwise they work the same way as ordinary
- brushes.
- </p>
- <p>
- To create such a brush, create a small RGBA image. For this, open
- New Image, select RGB for image type and Transparent for fill type.
- Draw your image and save it first to .xcf file to keep its
- properties. Then save it to .gbr format. Click on
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Refresh</em></span> button in Brush Dialog to get your
- brush without it being necessary to restart Gimp.
- </p>
- <div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
- <table border="0" summary="Tip">
- <tr>
- <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25">
- <img alt="[Tip]" src="../images/tip.png" />
- </td>
- <th align="left">Tip</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
- <p>
- You can transform a selection to a brush by using the
- Selection/To Brush script-fu.
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Image hoses / Image pipes</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- Brushes in this category can make more than one kind of mark
- on an image. They are indicated by small red triangles at th
- lower right corner of the brush symbol in the Brushes dialog.
- They are sometimes called "animated brushes"
- because the marks change as you trace out a brushstroke. In
- principle, image hose brushes can be very sophisticated,
- especially if you use a tablet, changing shape as a function
- of pressure, angle, etc. These possibilities have never
- really been exploited, however; and the ones supplied with
- GIMP are relatively simple (but still quite useful).
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Parametric brushes</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- These are brushes created using the <a href="ch04s10.html#gimp-brush-editor-dialog" title="Brush Editor">Brush Editor</a>, which
- allows you to generate a wide variety of brush shapes by
- using a simple graphical interface. A nice feature of
- parametric brushes is that they are
- <span class="emphasis"><em>resizable</em></span>. In GIMP 2.2, it is possible,
- using the Preferences dialog, to make key presses or mouse
- wheel rotations cause the current brush to become larger or
- smaller, if it is a parametric brush.
- </p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- <p>
- One category that GIMP does not have is full-fledged
- <span class="emphasis"><em>procedural</em></span> brushes: brushes whose marks are
- calculated procedurally, instead of being taken from a fixed
- pixmap. (Actually this is not quite correct: the Ink tool uses a
- procedural brush, but it is the only one available in GIMP.) A
- more extensive implementation of procedural brushes is a goal of
- future development for GIMP.
- </p>
- <p>
- In addition to the brush pixmap, each GIMP brush has one other
- important property: the brush <span class="emphasis"><em>Spacing</em></span>. This
- represents the distance between consecutive brush-marks when a
- continuous brushstroke is painted. Each brush has an assigned
- default value for this, which can be modified using the Brushes
- dialog.
- </p>
- <div class="simplesect" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title"><a id="id3423622"></a>Adding New Brushes</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p>
- To add a new brush, after either creating it or downloading it, so
- that it shows up in the Brushes dialog, you need to save it in a
- format GIMP can use, in a folder included in GIMP's brush search path,
- then to <span class="emphasis"><em>Refresh</em></span> the Brush Dialog (or re-start
- GIMP). GIMP uses three file formats for brushes:
- </p>
- <div class="variablelist">
- <dl>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">GBR</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- The <tt class="filename">.gbr</tt> ("<span class="emphasis"><em>g</em></span>imp
- <span class="emphasis"><em>br</em></span>ush") format is used for ordinary and
- color brushes. You can convert many other types of images,
- including many brushes used by other programs, into GIMP
- brushes by opening them in GIMP and saving them with file
- names ending in <tt class="filename">.gbr</tt>. This brings up a
- dialog box in which you can set the default Spacing for the
- brush. A more complete description of the GBR file format
- can be found in the file <tt class="filename">gbr.txt</tt> in the
- <tt class="filename">devel-docs</tt> directory of the GIMP source
- distribution.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">GIH</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- The <tt class="filename">.gih</tt> ("<span class="emphasis"><em>g</em></span>imp
- <span class="emphasis"><em>i</em></span>mage <span class="emphasis"><em>h</em></span>ose")
- format is used for animated brushes. These brushes are
- constructed from images containing multiple layers: each
- layer may contain multiple brush-shapes, arranged in a
- grid. When you save an image as a <tt class="filename">.gih</tt>
- file, a dialog comes up that allows you to describe the
- format of the brush. The GIH format is rather complicated:
- a complete description can be found in the
- file <tt class="filename">gih.txt</tt> in the
- <tt class="filename">devel-docs</tt> directory of the GIMP source
- distribution. See
- <a href="ch02s04s08.html#gimp-GIH-dialog" title="The GIH dialog box">The GIH dialog box</a>
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">VBR</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- The <tt class="filename">.vbr</tt> format is used for parametric
- brushes, i. e., brushes created using the Brush Editor.
- There is really no other meaningful way of obtaining files
- in this format.
- </p>
- <p>
- Le format <tt class="filename">.vbr</tt> est utilisé pour les brosses
- paramétriques, càd les brosses créées avec l'Éditeur de brosse. Il
- n'y a vraiment pas d'autre façon valable d'obtenir les fichiers de
- ce format.
- </p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- <p>
- To make a brush available, place it in one of the folders in
- GIMP's brush search path. By default, the brush search path
- includes two folders, the system <tt class="filename">brushes</tt>
- folder, which you should not use or alter, and the
- <tt class="filename">brushes</tt> folder inside your personal GIMP
- directory. You can add new folders to the brush search path
- using the <a href="ch04s18s16.html" title="18.16. Data Folders">Brush
- Folders</a> page of the Preferences dialog. Any GBR, GIH, or
- VBR file included in a folder in the brush search path will show
- up in the Brushes dialog the next time you start GIMP, or as soon
- as you press the Refresh button in the Brushes dialog.
- </p>
- <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
- <table border="0" summary="Note">
- <tr>
- <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25">
- <img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
- </td>
- <th align="left">Note</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
- <p>
- When you create a new parametric brush using the Brush Editor, it
- is automatically saved in your personal
- <tt class="filename">brushes</tt> folder.
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>
- There are a number of web sites with downloadable collections of
- GIMP brushes. Rather than supplying a list of links that will
- soon be out of date, the best advice is to do a Google search for
- "Gimp brushes". There are also many collections of brushes for
- other programs with painting functionality. Some can be converted
- easily into GIMP brushes, some require special conversion
- utilities, and some cannot be converted at all. Most fancy
- procedural brush types fall into the last category. If you need
- to know, look around on the web, and if you don't find anything,
- look for an expert to ask.
- </p>
- </div>
- <div class="simplesect" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title"><a id="gimp-GIH-dialog"></a>The GIH dialog box</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p>
- This dialog box has several options not easy to understand. They
- allow you to determine the way your brush is animated.
- </p>
- <div class="variablelist">
- <dl>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Spacing (Percent)</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- "Spacing" is the distance between consecutive brush marks when you
- trace out a brushstroke with the pointer. You must consider
- drawing with a brush, whatever the paint tool, like stamping. If
- Spacing is low, stamps will be very close and stroke look
- continuous. If spacing is high, stamps will be separated: that's
- interesting with a color brush (like "green pepper" for instance).
- Value varies from 1 to 200 and this percentage refers to brush
- "diameter": 100% is one diameter.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Description</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- It's the brush name that will appear at the top of Brush Dialog
- (grid mode) when the brush is selected.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Cell Size</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- That's size of cells you will cut up in layers... Default
- is one cell per layer and size is that of the layer. Then there is
- only one brush aspect per layer
- </p>
- <p>
- We could have only one big layer and cut up in it the cells that
- will be used for the different aspects of the animated brush.
- </p>
- <p>
- For instance, we want a 100x100 pixels brush with 8 different
- aspects. We can take these 8 aspects from a 400x200 pixels layer, or
- from a 300x300 pixels layer but with one cell unused.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Number of cells</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- That's the number of cells (one cell per aspect) that will be cut in
- every layer. Default is the number of layers as there is only one
- layer per aspect.
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Display as:</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- This tells how cells have been arranged in layers. If, for example,
- you have placed height cells at the rate of two cells per layer on
- four layers, GIMP will display: "1 rows of 2 columns on each layer".
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">Dimension, Ranks, Selection</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- There things are getting complicated! Explanations are necessary to
- understand how to arrange cell and layers.
- </p>
- <p>
- GIMP starts retrieving cells from each layer and stacks them into a
- FIFO stack (First In First Out: the first in is at the top of the
- stack and so can be first out). In our example 4 layers with 2 cells
- in each, we'll have, from top to bottom: first cell of first layer,
- second cell of first layer, first cell of second layer, second cell
- of second layer..., second cell of fourth layer. With one cell per
- layer or with several cells per layer, result is the same. You can
- see this stack in the Layer Dialog of the resulting .gih image file.
- </p>
- <p>
- Then GIMP creates a computer array from this stack with the
- <span class="guilabel">Dimensions</span> you have set. You can use four
- dimensions.
- </p>
- <p>
- In computer science an array has a "myarray(x,y,z)" form for a 3
- dimensions array (3D). It's easy to imagine a 2D array: on a paper
- it's an array with rows and columns
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/array2D.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- With a 3d array we don't talk rows and columns but
- <span class="guilabel">Dimensions</span> and <span class="guilabel">Ranks</span>. The
- first dimension is along x axis, the second dimension along y axis,
- the third along z axis. Each dimension has ranks of cells.
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/array3D.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- </p>
- <p>
- To fill up this array, GIMP starts retrieving cells from the top of
- stack. The way it fills the array reminds that of an odometer: right
- rank digits turn first and, when they reach their maximum, left rank
- digits start running. If you have some memories of Basic programming
- you will have, with an array(4,2,2), the following succession:
- (1,1,1),(1,1,2),(1,2,1),(1,2,2),(2,1,1),(2,1,2),(2,2,2),(3,1,1)....
- (4,2,2). We will see this later in an example.
- </p>
- <p>
- Besides the rank number that you can give to each dimension, you can
- also give them a <span class="guilabel">Selection</span> mode. You have
- several modes that will be applyed when drawing:
- </p>
- <div class="itemizedlist">
- <ul type="disc">
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Incremental</em></span>: GIMP selects a rank from the
- concerned dimension according to the order ranks have in that
- dimension
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Random</em></span>: GIMP selects a rank at random
- from the concerned dimension.
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Angular</em></span>: GIMP selects a rank in the
- concerned dimension according to the moving angle of the brush.
- </p>
- <p>
- The first rank is for the direction 0┬░, upwards. The other
- ranks are affected, counter clockwise, to an angle whose value
- is 360/number of ranks. So, with 4 ranks in the concerned
- dimension, the angle will move 90┬░ counterclockwise for each
- direction change: second rank will be affected to 270┬░ (-90┬░)
- (leftwards), third rank to 180┬░ (downwards) and fourth rank to
- 90┬░ (rightwards).
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Speed</em></span>,
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Pressure</em></span>,
- <span class="emphasis"><em>x tilt</em></span> and
- <span class="emphasis"><em>y tilt</em></span> are options for sophisticated
- drawing tablets.
- </p>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <p>
- </p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- <div class="variablelist">
- <p class="title">
- <b>Examples</b>
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">A one dimension image pipe</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- Well! What is all this useful for? We'll see that gradually with
- examples. You can actually place in each dimension cases that will
- give your brush a particular action.
- </p>
- <p>
- Let us start with a 1D brush which will allow us to study selection
- modes action. We can imagine it like this:
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/array1D.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- Follow these steps:
- </p>
- <div class="orderedlist">
- <ol type="1">
- <li>
- <p>
- Open a new 30x30 pixels image, RGB with Transparent fill type.
- Using the Text tool create 4 layers "1", "2", "3", "4". Delete
- the "background" layer.
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- Save this image first with .xcf extension to keep its
- properties then save it as .gih.
- </p>
- <p>
- The Save As Dialog is opened: select a destination for your
- image. OK. The GIH dialog is opened:
- Choose Spacing 100, give a name in Description box, 30x30 for
- Cell Size, 1 dimension, 1 rank and choose "Incremental" in
- Selection box. OK.
- </p>
- <p>
- You may have difficulties to save directly in the GIMP Brush
- directory. In that case, save the .gih file manually into the
- /usr/share/gimp/gimp 2.0/brushes directory. Then come back
- into the Toolbox, clic on the brush icon to open the Brush
- Dialog then click on "Refresh". Your new brush appears in the
- Brush window. Select it. Select pencil tool for instance and
- click and hold with it on a new image
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/1234incr.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- You see 1, 2, 3, 4 digits following one another in order.
- </p>
- <p>
- Take your .xcf image file back and save it as .gih setting
- Selection to "Random": digits will be displayed at random
- order:
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/1234rand.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- </p>
- <p>
- Now select "Angular" Selection:
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/1234angl.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- </p>
- </li>
- </ol>
- </div>
- <p>
-
- </p>
- </dd>
- <dt>
- <span class="term">A 3 dimensions image hose</span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- We are now going to create a 3D animated brush: its orientation will
- vary according to brush direction, it will alternate Left/Right
- hands regularly and its color will vary at random between black and
- blue.
- </p>
- <p>
- The first question we have to answer to is the number of images that
- is necessary. We reserve the first dimension (x) to the brush
- direction (4 directions). The second dimension (y) is for Left/Right
- alternation and the third dimension (z) for color variation. Such a
- brush is represented in a 3D array "myarray(4,2,2)":
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/3Dnum.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- There are 4 ranks in first dimension (x), 2 ranks in second
- dimension (y) and 2 ranks in third dimension (z). We see that there
- are 4x2x2 = 16 cells. We need 16 images.
- </p>
- <div class="orderedlist">
- <ol type="1">
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Creating images of dimension 1 (x)</em></span>:
- Open a new 30x30 pixels image, RGB with Transparent Fill Type.
- Using the zoom draw a left hand with fingers upwards. Save it as
- handL0k.xcf (hand Left O┬░ Black).
- </p>
- <p>
- Open the Layer Dialog. Double click on the layer to open the
- Layer Attributes Dialog and rename it to handL0k.
- </p>
- <p>
- Duplicate the layer. Let visible only the duplicated layer,
- select it and apply a 90┬░ rotation (Layer/Transform/ 90┬░
- rotation counter-clockwise). Rename it to handL-90k.
- </p>
- <p>
- Repeat the same operations to create handL180k and handL90k.
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Creating images of dimension 2 (y)</em></span>:
- This dimension in our example has two ranks, one for left hand
- and the other for right hand. The left hand rank exists yet. We
- shall build right hand images by flipping it horisontally.
- </p>
- <p>
- Duplicate the handL0k layer. Let it visible only and select it.
- Rename it to handR0K. Apply Layer/Transform/Flip Horizontally.
- </p>
- <p>
- Repeat the same operation on the other left hand layers to
- create their right hand equivalent.
- </p>
- <p>
- Re-order layers to have a counter-clockwise rotation from top to
- bottom, alternating Left and Right: handL0k, handR0k, handL-90k,
- handR-90k, ..., handR90k.
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Creating images of dimension 3 (z)</em></span>:
- The third dimension has two ranks, one for black color and the
- other for blue color. The first rank, black, exists yet. We well
- see that images of dimension 3 will be a copy, in blue, of the
- images of dimension 2. So we will have our 16 images. But a row
- of 16 layers is not easy to manage: we will use layers with two
- images.
- </p>
- <p>
- Select the handL0k layer and let it visible only. Using
- Image/Canvas Size change canvas size to 60x30 pixels.
- </p>
- <p>
- Duplicate hand0k layer. On the copy, fill the hand with blue
- using Bucket Fill tool.
- </p>
- <p>
- Now, select the Move tool. Double click on it to accede to its
- properties: check "Move the Current Layer" option. Move the blue
- hand into the right part of the layer precisely with the help of
- Zoom.
- </p>
- <p>
- Make sure only handL0k and its blue copy are visible. Right click
- on the Layer Dialog: Apply the "Merge Visible Layers" command
- with the option "Expand as Necessary". You get a 60x30 pixels
- layer with the black hand on the left and the blue hand on the
- right. Rename it to "handL0".
- </p>
- <p>
- Repeat the same operations on the other layers.
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- <span class="emphasis"><em>Set layers in order</em></span>: Layers must be set in
- order so that GIMP can find the required image at some point
- of using the brush. Our layers are yet in order but we must
- understand more generally how to have them in order.There are
- two ways to imagine this setting in order. The first method is
- mathematical: GIMP divides the 16 layers first by 4; that gives
- 4 groups of 4 layers for the first dimension. Each group
- represents a direction of the brush. Then, it divides each group
- by 2; that gives 8 groups of 2 layers for the second dimension:
- each group represents a L/R alternation. Then another division
- by 2 for the third dimension to represent a color at random
- between black and blue.
- </p>
- <p>
- The other method is visual, by using the array representation.
- Correlation between two methods is represented in next image:
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/correlation-en.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- Voilà. Your brush is ready. Save it as .xcf first then as .gih
- with the following parameters:
- Spacing:100 Description:Hands Cell Size: 30x30
- Number of cells:16 Dimensions: 3
- </p>
- <div class="itemizedlist">
- <ul type="disc">
- <li>
- <p>
- Dimension 1: 4 ranks Selection: Angular
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- Dimension 2: 2 ranks Selection: Incremental
- </p>
- </li>
- <li>
- <p>
- Dimension 3: 2 ranks Sélection: Random
- </p>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <p>
- </p>
- <p>
- Place your .gih file into GIMP brush directory and refresh the
- brush box. You can now use your brush. Unfortunately GIMP 2.0 is
- bug-ridden and you may have some difficulties with brush
- orientation.
- </p>
- <p>
- Here is the result by stroking an elliptical selection with the
- brush:
- </p>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/hands_stroke.png" />
- </div>
- <p>
- </p>
- </li>
- </ol>
- </div>
- </dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
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